What type of housing may cause behavioral problems due to confinement?

Box stalls may cause behavioral problems due to confinement because they restrict the animal's movement in a way that doesn’t allow for natural behaviors. Animals, especially livestock and equines, have inherent instincts to roam, explore, and socialize. When confined in a box stall, they may experience stress due to a lack of space and stimulation, potentially leading to issues such as restlessness, aggressive behavior, or stereotypic behaviors—repetitive actions that can manifest as a result of stress or frustration.

On the other hand, outdoor runs, open pastures, and group pens typically provide animals with more space and the opportunity to engage in natural behaviors. These environments allow for social interaction and physical activity, which are crucial for the mental and emotional well-being of animals. Thus, the restrictive nature of box stalls makes them particularly associated with behavioral issues related to confinement.